How to make a sewer in a bathhouse: step-by-step instructions. We offer self-builders options for installing a simple water supply system and safe methods for installing electrics in a bathhouse. Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a bathhouse.
The bathhouse is a rather specific structure that requires a certain approach in its manufacture. The drainage system deserves special attention, since it differs significantly from similar structures in an ordinary house. Taking this into account, the sewage system in the bathhouse is made using a special technology, taking into account the specifics of each room.
Manufacturing principle
To begin with, it should be noted that this system is used mainly in two or three rooms. In this case, the main drain is located in the washing room, and the rest of the sewage system for the bathhouse is a system of ladders (read also the article “Drain pit for a bathhouse: we build it ourselves”).
Organization of drainage
- First of all, it is worth noting that the floors in this building are best made of concrete, and a floorboard is installed on top of them on the joists. At the same time, small gaps are created between it so that water can drain onto the surface protected by waterproofing.
- The main sewage system of the bathhouse is located in the washing room. To do this, when creating the foundation, a hole is made in it, into which a drain pipe is installed. It is fixed at a slight angle, directed into the cesspool or system.
- It is necessary to create a hydraulic valve under the floor covering. It will protect the room from unpleasant odors and cold air from outside. In order to implement such a sewage system in a bathhouse, you can use special siphons, which are sold in any hardware stores.
- Next, before starting to create concrete floors, a drain pipe with a funnel is inserted into the siphon, which is poured, leaving only the drain part on the surface. It should be noted that before proceeding with the manufacture of the floor, the part of the system that will come into contact with the cement must be protected with damper tape so that when the surface expands as a result of heating, it does not damage the material.
Advice! Before installation, the pipes must be additionally insulated so that during severe frosts the water in them does not freeze and create plugs.
Gangways
The further arrangement of the bathhouse sewage system is the manufacture of drains.
- To begin with, it should immediately be noted that all this work is carried out during the manufacture of floors.
- When pouring, all surfaces are made at a slight slope towards the wall that is closest to the washing room, since the sewage system from the bathhouse comes out of this room.
- The ladders are made at the lowest point of the room. To do this, before pouring the floors, halves of pipes are installed on the surface, which are also mounted at an angle to the general drain. You can create such products with your own hands or purchase ready-made elements on the building materials market.
- After the floors have been poured, a layer of waterproofing must be applied to them. It is worth using a special mastic. Modern stores sell a special composition made specifically for baths, which tolerates high temperatures well and does not emit harmful substances.
- It is worth noting that the installation instructions assume that the drain in the bathhouse is organized in such a way that water that penetrates through the cracks in the floorboard flows along the inclined surface into the drains, and from there into the main drain located in the washroom.
- This system is quite simple and almost never clogs. To maintain it, it is enough to spill the floor with a large amount of water with antibacterial additives. It must be remembered that the price of the final product will be so low that, in comparison with other principles of organizing the drain, it can be called free.
Advice! If tiles are used as a finishing coating, then the drains must be made open, flush with the surface.
Conclusion
In the video presented in this article you will find additional information on this topic. Also, based on the text presented above, we can conclude that making a sewer system in a bathhouse with your own hands is a rather complex process that involves creating a foundation and concreting floors. At the same time, the sewage system in a bathhouse can be different, although the use of drain ladders is so simple that it is used almost everywhere.
Sewage system in the bathhouse
How many articles have been written about baths, where everything was considered: from its beneficial properties to the construction of the building itself. But it’s not often that you see a topic addressed that relates to the sewer system. Indeed, for many who are planning to build a bathhouse with their own hands, this topic is considered not the most necessary. It seems that what could be simpler than sewerage in a bathhouse. I installed a pipe to drain water, dug a hole near the wall, and here you have a sewer system.
In principle, this option is acceptable, but with one caveat - if the bathhouse itself is small in size and will be used by a small number of people, and quite rarely at that. That is, the pit will not always be filled, because disposing of dirty water from it is a dirty and unpleasant process. So, let's look at several popular options for arranging a sewer system in a bathhouse.
Two parts of the bathhouse sewer
Like any sewer system, the bathhouse is divided into two parts: internal and external.
Internal sewerage for a bath
What does it consist of? Essentially, this is a pipe laid under the floor or in the body of a concrete screed. Since the bath sewer system is a gravity-flow system, it is worth installing the pipe at a slope towards the cesspool or septic tank. The angle of inclination of the pipe is at least 2%, that is, the difference in its ends is 2 mm per linear meter of pipeline length.
For example, concrete floors will be laid in the bathhouse; this is usually done in washing departments. After which they are usually covered with ceramic tiles. So, even at the stage of pouring the screed, it is necessary to ensure that the floor plane is made inclined towards the installed sewer drain. Let's face it, this is not easy to do, because the water drain is the point on the floor where the drain is inserted. This means that the entire floor plane must have a slope towards one given point.
To help you understand what we are talking about, look at the photo below. Shown here is a sewer drain installed in the floor, and the floor planes themselves have a slope towards the hole. No matter where the water gets, it will still flow down to the drain.
As already mentioned, the sewer drain is connected to a pipe for discharging water to the outside. It passes through the foundation to the outside, where it connects to the external part of the bath drain.
Please note that the best option for laying the pipe is straightness. No bends or reversals. The fewer there are, the better. Therefore, it is worth taking this point into account at the design stage of the bathhouse itself. The only outlet is the connection of the sewer pipe to the drain.
In principle, the internal structure of the sewage system in the bathhouse can be considered complete. There are no big difficulties here, especially since all piping is done with plastic elements that are connected to each other by a socket system. This is not only simple, but also airtight, because rubber cuffs are installed in the sockets.
External part of the bathhouse sewer
This is the more complicated part, because in addition to the pipework, a dirty water collector is also installed in the sewer. What can we offer today to ensure that the bathhouse sewer works smoothly without creating problems?
There are several options that you can take as a basis. True, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the bathhouse sewer can be connected to the general sewer system of the house, thereby avoiding the costs associated with the construction of a catch basin. And yet, let's start with a separate sewer for a bathhouse.
How everything is produced. First of all, the issue of the type of water collector is resolved. What will it be: a cesspool, a pit filled with rubble, a septic tank or something else more modern.
Sewer pit for a bathhouse
The simplest option is a sewer pit. It can be open, that is, a cesspool, or it can be covered with crushed stone, expanded clay or broken bricks. What is their difference, on what principle do they work.
A cesspool is an ordinary well (equipped or not), which is gradually filled with contaminated water. Once the water reaches the edge, it must be pumped out and disposed of. Why doesn’t the water go into the soil, why does it fill the bathhouse sewer pit? The thing is that soap, shampoos and other detergents are deposited on the walls of the pit, making it impenetrable to water. And the longer a bathhouse with a pit is used, the denser the layer becomes.
Often, reinforced concrete rings, two-hundred-liter metal barrels, various plastic containers, and so on are used in the form of a cesspool. Their task is to collect water from the bathhouse. As for disposal, this can be done manually by pumping out water in buckets, you can use a submersible pump or use the services of a sewage disposal machine.
A pit filled with crushed stone is a completely different drainage system. There is no need to dispose of anything; water, passing through the crushed stone layer, leaves all soap residue on it. Almost pure liquid reaches the ground, which seeps through it, going into the subsoil layers of water. Of course, the layer of sediment gradually penetrates below and over time can reach the ground. Therefore, you should not bring it to this.
- You just need to remove the contaminated crushed stone layer and fill in a new clean one in its place.
- You can dry the dirty gravel in the sun, tap it with a shovel so that the dry sediment detaches from the stones, then pour water over it until it is clean. Such crushed stone can be reused in the bathhouse sewer pit.
Septic tanks for baths
What is a septic tank? Essentially, it is a holding tank divided into several compartments. Water passing through all compartments allows suspended particles to settle, they fall to the bottom, where silt forms. The output will be clean water.
There are several options for organizing a septic tank for a bathhouse.
- There are ready-made designs.
- Homemade from different materials with different methods of organization.
Ready-made structures are plastic containers of small size and weight. In order to install such a septic tank, you just need to dig a pit to its size - this is the most difficult stage, install a tank into it with your own hands with the help of two people, connect it to the bathhouse sewer pipe system and bury it so that only hatches for servicing the septic tank remain on top .
For a bathhouse sewer, a small option like the one in the photo below is suitable.
Homemade septic tanks for a bathhouse are most likely a system that includes several wells. The first of them serves as a water collector. It's sealed. Here the particles settle, after which the purified water enters the second well through the overflow from the sewer pipe. In the second well, water is recycled by penetrating it into groundwater. This well has holes in the bottom and sides through which water flows into the ground.
Attention! The second well must be kept clean at all times. If the holes become clogged over time, the water will not drain into the soil. You will have to dispose of it, as in the case of a cesspool.
What can you use to make a homemade septic tank for a bathhouse? In principle, there are a lot of options here. But there are those that are used more often than others.
- Made from reinforced concrete rings.
- Built from brick or concrete blocks.
- Concrete, poured into formwork with your own hands.
The first option is the fastest to construct, but also the most expensive. Firstly, concrete rings are not cheap. Secondly, you won’t be able to install them yourself. For installation you will have to call a crane, for which you will have to pay.
The second option is simpler, but short-lived. Bricks and blocks, although protected by plaster and waterproofing, will not last long. Over time, the wells will begin to deteriorate and crumble. Ten years - and they will no longer have their former luxury.
The third option in terms of carrying out work is one of the most difficult. But this design will last for decades. In addition, it does not have joints and seams, which are usually the most vulnerable places in wells. As for pouring concrete, it must be continuous, which is why it is necessary to be well prepared for the work. For example, purchase or rent a small concrete mixer. By the way, such wells can have different shapes: rectangular or round. The second one is more effective. The fewer corners, the fewer places for dirt to collect.
How is a well connected to a sewer pipe?
There are several requirements that must be met.
- The best option is the shortest distance from the bathhouse to the well.
- Minimal or complete absence of bends and turns.
- The slope of the bathhouse sewer pipe is at least 2%.
- Complete sealing of joints.
- If several wells are used to drain a bathhouse, then the overflow should be installed below the receiving drain.
Conclusion on the topic
As you can see, the sewage system in the bathhouse is a fairly serious water drainage system. It can be very simple or very complex. But here you may wonder, is it worth investing a lot of money in the sewer system, making, for example, a septic tank? Probably, we should answer this in this way - if you want your bath sewer to meet all the requirements and standards of modern construction, then it’s worth investing in it.
Concrete drain in a bathhouse
Since the bathhouse is directly connected with a large amount of water, the question immediately arises of where to put it. There is a floor drain for this purpose. Through this drain, water enters the pipe system and is delivered to the sewer, cesspool or septic tank. It is best to start working on a water drainage device at the stage of building a bathhouse.
But how to make a drain in a regular bathhouse or on screw piles? Let's look at information on how to make a concrete drain in a bathhouse with your own hands.
What floors are used in the bathhouse?
Both safety and aesthetic and technical components depend on how well the floor in the bathhouse and the drain are made. A bathhouse is a special room, different from a residential building. It has high humidity and frequent temperature changes. And all the liquid ends up on the floor. Therefore, it is very important to make the right floor for a bathhouse with a drain so that the water does not stagnate and drain away.
Any material from which the base can be made can collapse upon contact with water. What kind of materials are these? The most commonly used materials are:
- concrete as a base on which tiles, boards, etc. are laid.
- brick as a base for wood;
- wood.
If we talk about a concrete base, then it is the strongest, most durable and of the highest quality. The service life of a concrete floor is quite long and is 50 years or more. It is clear that its construction will require more money and effort, but it is worth it. Installing a floor will require twice or more money than installing a wooden floor. Only there is a significant drawback of this base - it is quite cold. Therefore, additional funds will be used to maintain heat.
As for brick, this floor is also durable and reliable. But as with a concrete floor, the material is used only as a base. Indeed, at high temperatures in the bathhouse, due to its characteristics, the brick becomes very hot and can cause burns.
Wooden floors in a bathhouse with a drain are the simplest and cheapest option. The wood is easy to process, it is easy to obtain and the price is reasonable. Moreover, it is an environmentally friendly material. This floor will be warm, and the smell of wood will delight you. The ideal option for the base is aspen. The material has many positive qualities and also has a good effect on the body and health. But, the service life is much shorter. Wood, under the influence of water, begins to rot over time. This is worth considering.
So, we looked at the most popular base options for a regular bathhouse and a bathhouse on screw piles. But how exactly can they drain water under the floor? Let's find out.
Step-by-step instructions on how to make a floor in a bathhouse with water drainage
First, you need to prepare everything you need for the drainage work. This arsenal includes the following materials:
- Concrete is a solution consisting of sand, cement and crushed stone. There are two options here - cook it yourself or order it already prepared. It is preferable to buy it right away, since the work will require a large volume, which cannot be made to high quality without a concrete mixer.
- Gravel, crushed stone or broken brick.
- Ruberoid, as a waterproofing layer or bitumen.
- A mesh of reinforcement bars for reinforcing the concrete layer to drain water.
- Mineral wool, polystyrene foam or perlite to insulate the floor.
Now you can begin preparatory work on arranging the drain for the bathhouse. What does this include? First you need to install a drainage system for the collected liquid. It will go there from the drain. The system consists of pipes and an intermediate tank. You need to do it yourself. You need to dig a hole in the underground soil measuring 40x40x30 cm. After which the action plan is as follows:
The construction of the bathhouse drain is not completed yet. There are still a few touches left.
Wooden flooring on concrete floor
It's time to lay down the wood to keep the floor warm. But there are also some moments here:
- Be sure to lay a layer of waterproofing in the form of roofing felt on the concrete screed.
- Add insulation to the waterproofing layer to make the base even warmer.
- The insulation also needs to be protected with a layer of waterproofing so that water from the drain does not destroy it.
- Now all that remains is to place the timber logs on the foundation. In order for the wooden components to operate normally, holes must be made in the foundation for natural ventilation.
- At the end, the face board is installed. It should be perfect, without any hangnails that could damage your leg. A tongue-and-groove or edged planed board is suitable.
Note! In the finished version, the floor will not lose its slope towards the drain.
The bath drain is ready for use.
Drain in a bathhouse on stilts
What if you need to drain a bathhouse on screw piles? This will be a little more difficult. Why? Because with a strip foundation, the lower crown is connected to the base. Thanks to this, it is possible to create a drain floor to remove water and a sewer system with a drain and drain pipes. Through them, water will be sent to the cesspool. But with the pile-grillage type of foundation, free space is formed between the ground level and the lower crown.
How to make a drain for a bathhouse in a country house so that it functions correctly and does not spoil the whole picture and design of the room? For a screw foundation, you should not drain the bathhouse immediately. It is better to move the drain outside the building. The ideal option is to use a sewer pipeline or a drain into a cesspool. How to implement all this?
The floor is framed on stilts. After which the beams and floor are installed. A ladder is made in it, through which water will flow through pipes into the tank. It is important to make a slight slope towards it so that the water flows freely without stagnating. It turns out that the drain ladder is installed in the floor, and a tube sticks out under the bathhouse, to which the pipe will be connected.
It will need to be directed into the ground. From the place where the drain will be, you need to dig a trench to the septic tank or drainage pit. The trench is compacted and, if possible, a sand cushion is made in it. All that remains is to place the pipe there, connect everything and the drain is ready.
Note! To properly drain, the pipe must be laid at an angle to the septic tank. Then the water will flow through the pipes.
Completion - design of the basement space
To prevent the finished drain from being so noticeable, the free space can be sheathed. Then a bathhouse on screw piles with a drain will look more attractive. How to do it? For cladding, you can use any sheet base decorative material - base siding, metal siding and profiled sheets. In addition, some cover the space with brickwork.
So, you can hide the drain and make your bath not only functional, but also beautiful. The drain is ready and the bathhouse can be used. And the best part is that you made this drain with your own hands.
How to make a drain in a bathhouse with your own hands
The correct approach to organizing the drainage of wastewater from a bathhouse involves compliance with building codes during operation. We offer you a description of the designs of popular drainage systems that you can make yourself. There are many options for draining used water from a bathhouse, which require virtually no financial investment or connection to a central sewer system. A carefully thought-out drain in the bathhouse will ensure the durability of the floors and foundation and prevent the appearance of fungus on the walls.The creation of a drainage system inside the bathhouse begins at the stage of manufacturing the floors. Water will quickly leave the room if the floor is built according to the recommendations:
- To drain liquid from the room, install a drain pipe in the floor of the bathhouse (usually in the washing room).
- Cover the drain hole with a mesh to prevent large objects from getting inside.
- Make the floor with a slight slope towards the drain flange.
- If the floor is concrete, check for any depressions or ridges where water may be trapped.
- To ensure that water quickly flows to the drain, concrete gutters are placed in the floor near the wall. To make gutters, use concrete, asbestos, ceramic, and polypropylene pipes. Products do not necessarily have to be particularly durable, because dirty water is non-aggressive and the temperature is less than 60 degrees.
- In a bathhouse with several “wet” rooms, make a riser to which you supply water from all rooms. Usually it is mounted in a corner and secured with clamps.
- Internal sewerage is laid before the flooring is laid, with a slope so that water flows to the drainage point by gravity. If desired, cover the floor with matte tiles.
- Provide ventilation for the risers; to do this, lead the pipe of the device upward, through the roof, and lock it in this position.
- Collect drains from bathrooms according to the traditional scheme using sewer elements - a siphon, a water seal.
- In the showers, install drains with shutters - drains.
Sewage system outside the bathhouse
The choice of drainage method is influenced by the following factors:
- Soil composition.
- Relief of the site.
- Volume of water discharged.
- Floor covering option.
- The number of rooms from which moisture is removed, their sizes.
Draining water into the ground under the bathhouse
The simplest option for drainage is to drain water into the ground under the building. This is usually how they get rid of water in the summer. Even when building the foundation under the sink, dig a shallow hole and fill it with a sand-gravel mixture. When building the floor, run the drain pipe directly there. In this case, drain pipes are not installed. After washing the bathhouse, dry it thoroughly.
There are restrictions for such water drainage:
- For structures built on a strip foundation, this method poses a certain danger. The strip foundation is built using a concrete mixture that absorbs moisture well. A small amount of wastewater next to it will not affect the structure of the concrete, but intensive use of the bathhouse can affect the strength of the foundation. Therefore, the water is drained into the bathhouse if the number of people washing is no more than three.
- If the surface of the site is relief, water can over time erode the soil and weaken the foundation.
- Under the bathhouse there should be no clay or other soil that does not absorb water well, otherwise the floor will always be wet.
Drainage sewer for a bathhouse
This method of drainage is used on soils that are highly permeable to liquids, and in cases where groundwater is deep.
Perform the work in the following order:
- At a distance of 1–1.5 m from the foundation, dig a hole with a depth of 50 cm greater than the freezing level. The minimum diameter of the hole is 1 m (for a small number of washables).
- Fill the bottom with crushed stone or expanded clay.
- Make sure that the soil is dense and the walls of the pit are not crumbling. If the soil is loose, lower an iron or plastic barrel into the hole, after cutting out the bottom. You can also put several car tires in the hole.
- Between the well and the bathhouse, dig a trench sloping away from the bathhouse and lay sewer pipes. Connect one side of the product to the washing drain pipe, and lead the other into the pit.
- Cover the pit with a lid.
- Fill the well with soil and compact it.
Using a filtration well to drain a bathhouse
There are few microorganisms in wastewater that cause a fermentation reaction; it is easier to purify. Therefore, wastewater can be collected in special wells for self-cleaning. A well is built no closer than 3–5 m from the wall of the bathhouse. Find out in advance the depth of soil freezing.
Perform the following operations:
- Dig a hole 50 cm below the freezing point. Set the horizontal dimensions at your discretion; usually the dimensions are determined by the diameter of the concrete pipe, which is installed in the hole to protect it from crumbling soil.
- Install the concrete pipe into the well. Instead of a pipe, you can build formwork and make concrete walls.
- At the bottom of the well, pour a layer of expanded clay or crushed stone mixed with sand in a layer of at least 30 cm. The filtration layer should be located 15 cm above the maximum freezing level of the soil.
- Dig a trench from the bathhouse to the well, sloping towards the hole.
- Lay the sewer pipe in the trench. Connect one side of the pipe to the drain pipe of the bathhouse, and lead the other into the well. In the trench, the pipe should be placed with a slight slope, which depends on its diameter, the standard slope is 2 cm/m. The recommended pipe depth is 60–70 cm below the freezing level. However, accurately meeting the last requirement sometimes requires the manufacture of a deep well, so an alternative option is proposed - to protect the pipes from freezing, insulate them in any way.
When laying pipes in a trench, comply with the following requirements:
- The pipe must be without bends to avoid clogging.
- Pipe diameter - at least 50 mm.
- Buy special sewer pipes. Traditional concrete or ceramic products have proven themselves well; PVC pipes can also be used. It is not recommended to install metal ones, they rust.
- Seal the pipe joints with concrete.
- Cover the well with a lid.
- Make and install an air pipe, which should protrude 400 mm above the ground level.
Drainage of water from the bathhouse into a sealed drainage pit
According to the requirements of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service, sewage cannot be poured into the ground without treatment. However, there is a rule that allows you to make a floor in a bathhouse with a drain without disturbing the environment - if the volume of waste is less than 1 cubic meter. m. per day. After all, who measures these drains? Instead of a drainage pit without a bottom, it is necessary to make a sealed pit if the following reasons exist: the distance between the pit and the bathhouse is less than 5 m, from the pit to the fence - less than 2 m, if it is impossible to build a pit deeper than the water intake level.
Choose a place for the drainage pit, taking into account the following points:
- It is built at the lowest point of the site so that water flows by gravity.
- The drainage pit must be periodically emptied of its contents, for which a sewage disposal machine is ordered. Therefore, provide access to the device, and make a hole in the cover for installing the hose.
- Cleaning the drain pit requires additional costs.
- If groundwater is located close to the surface, use a plastic container as a storage tank.
- Dig a pit 2–2.5 m deep and the same dimensions in the horizontal plane.
- Dig a trench from bathhouse to pit, adhering to the requirements specified in the previous sections.
- Place a 10–15 cm layer of crushed stone at the bottom of the pit and compact it. Fill the bottom with concrete with a layer of at least 7 cm.
- After the concrete has hardened, make formwork to form the walls of the well. Leave a hole in the formwork for the sewer pipe.
- Fill the formwork with concrete.
- After the concrete has hardened, waterproof the inner surface of the well with liquid bitumen.
- Install the sewer pipe into the trench. Lower one end into the well through the hole left, and connect the other end to the drain pipe in the bathhouse.
- Fill the trench and the area around the well with soil and compact it.
- Cover the well with a lid. Install a vent pipe into the well cover. It should protrude 400–700 mm above the soil.
Using septic tanks for wastewater from a bathhouse
The sewer system must be cleaned periodically. The most practical cleaning method is septic, which does not require the use of sewer trucks. Typically, this method is used when the bathhouse is used frequently, when large groups wash, or when there is a bathroom in the room. Large amounts of sewage can quickly contaminate the area around a structure.
The septic method of water purification consists of sequential purification of wastewater in different ways. At the first stage, water is freed from coarse impurities, at the next stage it undergoes filtration and biological purification. Water from septic tanks does not contain soap or other impurities, is odorless, and is often used for irrigation. Factory-made septic tanks are expensive, and users often make such devices with their own hands. To make your own septic tank, you will need concrete rings with a diameter of 1 meter.
A septic tank is made as follows:
- At a distance of at least 1.5 m from the bathhouse wall, dig a hole 2–2.5 m deep, but it can be deeper.
- Place a layer of sand (150 mm), crushed stone (100 mm) at the bottom and compact everything.
- Place concrete rings into the hole.
- Dig another well of smaller depth nearby.
- Pour sand and crushed stone into the bottom of the well and compact them.
- Lower the rings to the bottom.
- Concrete the bottom of a deep well and the gaps between the rings - the well should be airtight.
- Make holes in the upper part of the rings of both wells and connect the rings with pipes, which should be located with a slope of 2 cm/m towards the deep hole. Seal the joints with cement.
- Connect the sewer pipe from the bathhouse to a shallow well.
Do-it-yourself water seal for a bath
To prevent cold air and unpleasant sewer odors from entering the bathhouse in winter, the drainage device in the bathhouse is equipped with a water seal. It can be made from improvised means and installed in the drainage pit in the following sequence:
- Replace the handle on the plastic bucket with a metal one, which can be made from galvanized iron.
- Place a metal pipe across the drainage hole.
- Place the bucket over the pipe.
- Attach a piece of corrugated pipe to the end of the sewer pipe, which is lowered into a bucket. Place the corrugated cut in the middle of the bucket - at a distance of 10 cm from the bottom and 10 cm from the top cut. Water will flow into the bucket and overflow. The liquid remaining in the bucket will prevent air from entering the bathhouse.
Additional information about draining a bathhouse can be found in the video:
Fulfilling simple requirements will allow you to create an effective drainage system. The festive mood with which visitors come to the bathhouse is largely supported by the quality of the sewer system. Author: editors of TutKnow.ru
A comfortable bathhouse on your own site is a dream that you can always turn into reality on your own. One of the key aspects of its construction is the solution to the problem of wastewater disposal.
Let’s take a closer look at how to install a sewer system for a bathhouse with your own hands and what points to consider when designing and installing the system.
The installation of a well-designed waste water disposal system is prompted not only by aesthetic standards, but by current requirements aimed at maintaining environmental safety.
According to standards 30-02-97, the collection and disposal of wastewater from baths and showers must be carried out using treatment and filtering facilities that provide sand and gravel backfill
There can be many design solutions for autonomous sewers built during the construction of a bathhouse.
Based on the type of action, independent systems are divided into two types:
- Gravity system- involves the movement of wastewater through it by gravity. This effect is achieved due to the correctly maintained angle of inclination of the pipeline.
- Pressure system– provides for forced transportation of wastewater using pumping equipment.
A sewer system for a bathhouse building is constructed regardless of whether or not a water supply is connected to it. In any case, the very nature of the site implies a copious use of water, which must be disposed of.
When installing a gravity system, it is determined by the diameter of the pipes.
Photo guide for installing a sewerage station
If a deep treatment station is selected to treat wastewater before disposal, in addition to connecting to the sewer system, you will also need electrical wiring.
Otherwise, the stages of work on the arrangement of all types of treatment points of autonomous sewer systems are carried out in a similar order.
Image gallery
But it can only be installed on soils characterized by a high level of moisture permeability. These include sandy, fine-clastic and coarse-clastic soils.
Having decided on the location of the drainage pit, mark the area and select the route for laying a sewer line to it
The construction of the treatment plant is carried out in the following sequence:
- In the marked area, a pit is dug, the depth of which is 1-1.5 meters higher than the freezing mark of the soil.
- The bottom of the pit is laid out with a 10-centimeter layer of clay.
- Expanded clay or crushed stone-sand filling is laid on top, forming a layer 40-50 cm high. This will serve as drainage.
- To prevent the earthen walls of the pit from collapsing, they are lined with bricks, laying out rows in a checkerboard pattern, or with ready-made concrete rings.
If desired, the walls of the drainage well can be lined with tires. To do this, dig a pit, the diameter of which allows you to accommodate 4-5 used tires laid out on top of each other.
A modern Russian bathhouse is not only a hygienic and health-improving procedure, but also relaxation in a cheerful, friendly company, especially if it is arranged in such a way that nothing interferes with spending time pleasantly and usefully.
One of the most important aspects of building your own bathhouse is making it correctly with your own hands. Since during bathing procedures a reliable drainage of used water is required, ensuring the maintenance of optimal humidity in the premises, the drainage system must be quite effective. A toilet located in the bathhouse will undoubtedly also be useful.
Types of bath sewerage
A self-built bathhouse whose sewage system does not have sufficient efficiency and quality cannot function optimally. In order to decide on the various options for making a drain, you should take into account that the sewage system in a bathhouse can be of several types.
In particular, this could be a sewer:
- pressure type;
- non-pressure;
- element of a centralized system.
Factors determining the choice of a particular system are:
- construction of a bathhouse;
- intensity of bath use;
- the nature of the soil in the area where the bathhouse will be built;
- acceptable level of costs;
- the presence of a central sewerage system.
The easiest way is to install a sewer system in a bathhouse with your own hands, the diagram of which belongs to a group of active or passive drainage devices connected to a single system.
If there is a nearby drain manifold, installing a sewer system in a bathhouse with your own hands involves connecting a drain pipe to it and discharging waste water into it by gravity or using a pump.
A pressure sewer system is usually installed in baths or saunas built below the top level of the soil, for example, in a basement or basement. A system of pipes is installed for it, through which water, after use, is drained into a sump and then into a cleaning tank.
You can make a cleaning container for a sauna drain with your own hands from plastic or stainless steel. To organize water circulation in a system of this type, a pumping station (compact) is used. In addition, a pressure sewer can be connected to the intra-house system with subsequent output to the basement or semi-basement (basement) room.
Pressure sewerage for a bathhouse has sufficient durability, is quickly and easily installed and maintained easily and at no extra cost. The disadvantages of this scheme include the need for a specially designed pump, as well as additional power supply and power consumption.
Pipes for free-flow sewerage are installed at a slope in the direction of the settling tank. Thanks to this, used water flows into the sump by gravity without additional effort or the use of equipment.
Non-pressure sewerage for a bathhouse has such positive qualities as:
- easy installation;
- low cost of materials and work;
- high efficiency if all instructions and technologies are followed;
- easy maintenance during use.
To ensure that the use of a gravity sewer does not cause problems, you must first carefully study the quality of the soil and the nature of the topography in the selected area.
If there is a central sewer system in the locality where the bathhouse will be built, it is best to connect the drain to it, especially if the distance from the bathhouse to the central sewer system is short enough to provide the necessary.
In addition, if there is a centralized collector with treatment facilities, a sewerage system in a bathhouse with a toilet can be installed with your own hands. In any case, the connection must be agreed upon with the village administration.
When connecting to a collector, you can use both pressure and non-pressure sewer options. The main difference in this case is that the water after use will first flow to the system-wide reservoir. This improves connection efficiency and greatly simplifies it. After all, there is no need to install individual settling tanks and septic tanks, and solving the question of how to make a sewer system in a bathhouse with your own hands is greatly simplified.
Quite common small baths can be equipped with the simplest sewage system. The basic principle of its arrangement is to create a drainage well. Water after use will go directly into the ground through it.
Rules for arranging a drainage well
A drainage well requires a depth twice the level of maximum soil freezing in the cold season. In particular, with seasonal soil freezing of 1 m, a drainage well 2 m deep or more will be required.
The maximum depth of soil freezing in the region can be determined experimentally using a test pit or using the approximate formula: Lp=K*(-Tsr), where Lp is the freezing depth, K is the soil freezing coefficient and (-Tsr) is the average total negative seasonal temperature by region. The freezing coefficients of various soils, as well as the levels of average negative temperatures, can be taken from construction reference books.
To install a sewer system based on a drainage pit, you may need:
- shovel;
- building level;
- plumb line;
- buckets for soil;
- rope;
- block system.
The production of a well begins with marking and leveling the site, after which the perimeter of the drainage well is outlined and the soil is excavated. The verticality of the well walls is checked using a plumb line or level.
If the soil at the location of the drainage pit is loose, soft and unstable, the walls of the well must be strengthened with brickwork or concrete slabs.
The diameter (or width) of the well is calculated based on considerations of one-time or daily water consumption, as well as the absorption properties of the soil. With relatively small volumes of water flow up to 0.5 - 1 m³ per day, the diameter of the well can be about 0.8-1 m. For large runoff volumes, the diameter of the drainage well should be increased.
Do-it-yourself sewerage in a bathhouse - a step-by-step guide for making a drainage well:
- Digging a hole of the required depth and diameter.
- Carefully level the walls and bottom of the finished pit.
- Cover the bottom with a clay cushion, the thickness of which should be at least 10 cm.
- Connecting a well and a bathhouse with a special trench.
- Creating a trench inside the trench by leveling the compaction of the topsoil.
- Filling and leveling bulk materials (crushed stone, gravel, sand) over the clay cushion at the bottom of the pit to create drainage.
- Distribution and careful leveling over the entire soil layer system, which must be carefully compacted.
- Laying and insulating the sewer pipe, which will prevent it from freezing during the cold season.
- Manufacturing of a removable well cover for its repair and maintenance.
It should be especially noted that the gutter leading to the well is made with a slope of at least 3° towards the drainage of water. Otherwise, it will stagnate and it will be impossible to use the system.
Exactly following the instructions is the key to long-term use of sewerage for a bathhouse with a drainage well. Especially if the drainage at the bottom of the well will be periodically sieved or replaced to remove settled dirt and small debris.
Properly selected pipes installed in the pipeline are the key to the normal functioning of the sauna sewer system for a long time. Therefore, special mention should be made about the pipes used for arranging sewerage for a bathhouse.
Among the materials from which pipes can be made are:
- steel;
- cast iron;
- asbestos;
- plastic, in particular polyvinyl chloride.
Pipes made from these materials have their own characteristics, which should be discussed in more detail. Cast iron has a significant specific gravity and high cost. The service life of cast iron pipes is on average half a century. Although it may be noticeably less under the influence of various factors or a little more with careful use.
Steel pipes have recently been used much less frequently. This is due to the fact that steel inevitably rusts when exposed to moisture, despite all the protective coatings.
Asbestos pipes have an almost unlimited service life. Their installation is carried out without much effort. Therefore, they have been quite popular among private developers for a long time. Although now PVC pipes are increasingly being used instead of asbestos pipes.
Plastic for sewerage installations is considered the most suitable option. Pipes made from it are durable, strong, and easy to install. In addition, a plastic pipeline for a bathhouse will cost less than a steel or cast iron one.
The main thing to remember is that for the installation of sewerage it is necessary to use chlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipes. They are resistant to very high temperatures. They are easy to deliver to the site where the bathhouse is being built. These pipes are installed quickly and without much effort.
Installation of sewerage system
Do-it-yourself sewerage for a bathhouse in a country house is installed depending on the specific water drainage system after use. In order for the entire system to work for a long time and flawlessly, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the method of its assembly in advance, take into account the conditions for the future use of the bathhouse and correctly carry out preliminary calculations.
Sewerage for a bathhouse, how to properly install and lay sewer pipes with your own hands? First of all, it is necessary to lay sewer pipes from all rooms inside the bathhouse. The angle of inclination of the pipes is required from 3 to 5°. During installation, in the immediate vicinity of the drain holes, it is necessary to install hydraulic valves - U-shaped elbows - on the drain pipes. This will help prevent sewer gases from flowing back into the room.
After installing the pipes, you need to have the same angle of inclination towards the drain hole equipped with a primary filter. Next, a ventilated riser and gratings are constructed.
Then, a drainage well is installed near the bathhouse according to the instructions described above, a settling and storage tank is installed, or a connection to the central collector is provided. After all systems and connecting trenches are covered with a layer of clay, the top layer of soil must be leveled and carefully compacted.
Anyone who has ever installed a bathhouse in their home knows that its system requires a good sewage system. And those who are faced with the construction of a bathhouse for the first time need to know how to properly install and equip a sewer system for a bathhouse so that it functions without failures.
To do this, it is very important to know how to properly make a drainage drain, what the soil on the site should be like so that it absorbs water well, in which cases you can install an additional bathroom for a bathhouse, where the drainage hole should be located, how many people the bathhouse can serve in one sitting, and others moments.
When building a bathhouse and arranging its sewage system, you need to know certain stages of the work, as well as some rules and features of such construction.
To arrange a water supply or a water supply system that forms one network with sewerage in communications, it is most convenient to use SNiP 2.04.01-85 “Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings.”
With the guidance of such building codes and regulations, it will not be difficult to carry out work on the installation and installation of sewerage in a bathhouse.
In order to choose what type of sewer system to build for a bathhouse, you need to take into account some nuances that will allow you to equip the sewer system in the best possible way:
- the type of soil composition where the bathhouse is supposed to be built;
- what is the depth of soil freezing in the area where the bathhouse will be located;
- what should be the parameters and frequency of use of the bath;
- whether there is a city or autonomous sewerage main on the site;
- how probable are the possibilities of connecting the bath sewerage system to city sewer networks;
- what should be the design of the bathhouse?
Regarding the composition of the soil, it must be remembered that highly absorbent soil compositions are most desirable for arranging sewerage for a bathhouse.
These compositions can be loose soils:
- sandy;
- crushed stone;
- silty sands or sands of varying sizes with soil;
- coarse gravel, boulder or pebble.
If in the area where it is planned to build a bathhouse, there are just such soils, then to arrange a bathhouse in such an area it is necessary to build a drainage well, which will cope perfectly with the water coming from the bathhouse and, at the same time, will be perfectly absorbed into the soil.
Important! However, if the soil in the area where the bathhouse is to be built has a clay composition, then a drainage well is not suitable.
In the case of poorly absorbed soils such as clay, sandy loam and loam, it is necessary to make a pit under the sauna drain where the used water will drain.
Indicators of the average depth of soil freezing for central Russia are presented in the classic table, which is successfully used by most designers, engineers and construction companies:
Photo: indicators of average soil freezing depth for central Russia
All calculation schemes for designing a sewage system for a bathhouse should always be drawn up and calculated based on the depth of soil freezing in a particular area where it is planned to use the site for building a bathhouse.
Important! This must be done in order to avoid damage to the system due to freezing of drain pipes, sedimentation tanks or sauna drainage.
Many experts, instead of a table, prefer to use a map, which also indicates the depth (mm) of soil freezing in a particular territory of Russia.
If you plan to build a large bathhouse, where a large number of people must be served at once, then it is necessary to provide it with a sewer system that could normally withstand large volumes of volley discharges.
Drainage wells, pits or septic tanks must be of impressive size, capable of providing high efficiency for wastewater treatment or its effective settling and removal outside the site. Therefore, everything here also needs to be carefully calculated.
When building a small and medium-sized bathhouse, you should also not ignore the following calculations:
- how many people is the bathhouse designed for?
- what expected volumes of wastewater will flow from the bathhouse into the sewer system;
- what size should the entire building be;
- what size should a drainage well or septic tank be?
In addition, a very important point when planning the construction of a bathhouse with an individual sewerage system will be to take into account the type of the bathhouse sewerage system itself:
- non-pressure;
- pressure;
- part of the central city sewer system.
A free-flow, or gravity, sewerage system for a bathhouse is a pipeline system through which the water used in the bathhouse flows by gravity into containers, septic tanks, reservoirs, or where the water settles or undergoes biological treatment, and then, also purified by gravity, flows into the ground or reservoirs.
It makes sense to equip this type of sewer system when the terrain and area of the site allows for natural slopes when laying pipes (0.20 mm per 1 linear meter of pipeline towards the sewer receiving tank), and also, groundwater lies below the level of any drainage sewer device.
Installation of a sewer system of this type is always economical and practical because during its installation the least amount of money is spent on purchasing sewer systems, septic tanks or drainage wells, and there is also a minimal use of labor.
Photo: pressure sewer system for a bathhouse
A pressure sewer system for a bathhouse is already different in that it is not as energy independent as a non-pressure one.
After all, if in the first case water enters the sewer system by gravity, then when installing a pressure sewer system, sewer pumping units must be installed.
The pumps that are equipped with the pressure sewer system in the bathhouse must pump out wastewater and supply it not only to the pipeline, but also to a pit or septic tank, where the wastewater will undergo treatment, purification and forced (again, using a pump) release of purified wastewater into soil or storage containers.
Important! It is advisable to install such systems in cases where the groundwater level is high enough, the area of the garden plot is too small, or the bathhouse is located in the basement of a private residential building.
Such sewer systems are least likely to become clogged by hair rolls or accidental ingress of soap into the pipeline because, under the pressure created by the pump, these inclusions, along with wastewater, are very quickly fed into a septic tank, sewer tank for cleaning or storage well.
Photo: sewer tank for cleaning or storage well
Bath sewerage, which can be connected to the central city sewer system, is the most profitable option for bathhouse owners.
After all, you won’t have to deal with wastewater treatment yourself because all of it will end up in the central sewer lines, therefore the collectors, and then from there to the city treatment plants.
The only difficulty that may arise here is the installation and insertion of sewer pipes going from the bathhouse to the central system.
Difficulties may also arise when preparing documents for coordinating work on insertion and connection with government agencies responsible for city sewerage networks.
Other equally important points when organizing and arranging a sewer system for a bathhouse can be its construction design and the presence of an additional bathroom.
By and large, the classic versions of a bathhouse in their design have the following premises:
- bathroom is a must;
- shower - installed so that you can wash yourself;
- dressing room - it is equipped with either benches and a table for snacks, or a font with cold water;
- steam room - the actual room where you steam.
Photo: steam room
All these premises must be equipped with a drain because they, to one degree or another, discharge wastewater into the sewer.
The presence of additional rooms where used water is also supposed to be drained should also be taken into account. What is it for?
Suppose you have installed a toilet in your bathhouse, then according to the rules of the SES, you are required to use a septic tank with activated sludge as part of your sewer system, which processes wastewater and disinfects it.
And if your bathhouse is equipped with a bathroom with only a washbasin, but no toilet, then there is no need to install a septic tank with activated sludge.
After all, only soapy water will flow out of such a bathhouse, then it is enough to build a sewer with a drainage well or pit.
Scheme
Before you understand what the sewerage system in a bathhouse should be, you need to decide on the type of sewerage system both indoors and outdoors.
If the soil in your area allows the installation of a drainage well, then the design of such a sewerage system will differ significantly from the design of an external sewerage system for rocky, clay or loamy soils.
Photo: sewerage diagram in the bathhouse
This diagram is the simplest drainage sewer system in a bathhouse, and it is also gravity-flowing, that is, free-flowing. The necessary slopes are very clearly visible here.
Which must be done when laying a pipeline, the presence of a ventilation duct and an exit to the outside, the required depth for a particular section of the pipeline with a difference, and, finally.
A drainage well with a bottom made of gravel, which is a natural filter for sewage.
In the case of rocky, clayey or loamy soils, the absorption of which is very low, a special pit is installed in the sauna sewerage system.
This pit is a storage tank made of any waterproof material, from which a drainage pipe extends, carrying waste further away from the site.
The drainage of wastewater can be to fields, ravines, reservoirs or rivers. Drains such as bath drains are not considered too dirty, provided, of course, that there is no toilet in the bath premises.
When arranging the pit, it is very important to properly install a water seal, which should limit the penetration of unpleasant odors into the bathhouse.
Also, for the installation of such a sewer system, it will be most effective to use plastic pipes made of durable polymer material, such as polypropylene or low-density polyethylene.
Important! Sewage pipes for external sewerage are always used with a diameter of 100 mm. The pit is made directly under the floor of the bathhouse, and therefore, first you need to make it right away, and then lay the boards with gaps on the wooden logs. The logs are laid on bricks.
A hole is dug in the center of the bathhouse with gentle slopes leading to it. The entire surface is waterproofed with a concrete screed. A drainage pipe should extend from the pit, which will carry the wastewater far beyond the site.
The plate, which is located above the pipe, will form a kind of water seal, so that unpleasant odors will not penetrate into the bathhouse.
Photo: a kind of water seal
The drain pipe of the pit should be located at a height of 10-12 cm from the bottom of the pit. And between the plate and the surface of the pipe there should be a gap of about 5 or 6 cm. The pit can be waterproofed not necessarily with concrete, but you can also use plastic containers for this.
DIY device
What you shouldn’t rush into when building a sewer system for a bathhouse with your own hands is the construction of the room itself. This is especially true for floors. Sewerage for a bathhouse has its own specifics, and therefore there is no need to rush into laying the floors for its premises.
Almost any diagram of internal sewerage in bathhouses shows that communications and devices are located under the floor, and it does not even matter what type of floor is planned to be laid: with or without gaps between wooden boards.
Moreover, it is very important to also think over a ventilation system that could cover all rooms of the bathhouse in its service. If this is not done, then it will be very uncomfortable to use such a device as a bathhouse.
Internal sewerage
If you decide to make a sewer system for a bathhouse according to the old Russian custom, then you will need to dig a hole in the center of the room, which will combine a washing room and a steam room with partitions that separate one room from the other.
If you make the washing room and steam room separate rooms, then you will need to make holes for each of these rooms.
In this case, two drain pipes will come out of the bathhouse, or two connected into one large pipe, which will be directly laid underground from the outside.
In the same way, you can arrange a sewer system for rooms where there is a swimming pool, toilet or washbasin.
According to the old custom, a sewer system for a bathhouse is made without a pipeline. The pit that is made in the center of the room is called a pit.
Such a pit can still be made close to the bathhouse, and drain pipes coming from the bathhouse premises are connected to it. If the pit is under the floor of the bathhouse, then the floors are made to leak, with gaps between the boards.
Through these cracks in the floor, water flows into the pit, and from it through a drain pipe, it is discharged outside the site.
These designs are very convenient because they do not require special maintenance or care. The most important thing here is to properly make the pit itself and drainage.
Important! If it is necessary to make the floors continuous without gaps, then the pit is made without a concrete screed on floors with slopes. It is enough to make a sealed hole to which a truncated piece of drain pipe will be connected.
It looks like this: The floors are laid at a slope towards the center of the room, where there is a hole. Water flows into this hole and enters a special gutter, which discharges the water into a pit, and from there through a drain pipe outside the bathhouse.
Even a flat, continuous floor without a slope can be equipped with such gutters. But then you will need to leave gaps around the perimeter of the room, between the wall and the floor.
These gaps are equipped with gutters, like a truncated plastic sewer pipe, which is located under the floor and fits tightly to the foundation.
The gutters are installed at a slope towards the pit, where the drain pipe is also located. Through these gutters, water flows into a pit, and from there it is discharged outside the bathhouse.
Photo: water flows through these gutters into the pit
If you are satisfied with the option of a floor with cracks, then you dig a hole that will be under the floor of the bathhouse, then make a cement or concrete screed.
Moreover, the screed needs to be done not only of one hole, but also of the entire space under the floor. This surface under the floor must be concreted with a slope on all sides towards the pit.
There are no gutters here anymore, and therefore the corners between the wall and the future floor can be reliably sealed with some rolled waterproof material, such as roofing felt, and on the side of the surface that will be under the floor of the bathhouse, you can safely fill it with a concrete screed.
Important! Don’t forget to also attach a drain pipe, which is best placed at a height from the bottom of the pit somewhere from 10 to 12 cm.
Above the pipe, attach a special plate to the fastening fittings (anchors, studs, nails), which will block unpleasant odors, thus preventing the penetration of unpleasant odors of standing water into the room.
Photo: a plate that will block unpleasant odors
There is another convenient option for installing sewerage in a bathhouse, this is an insert into the pipeline of the central city sewerage system, which is available in the house.
Here you will need the same amount of effort as it was required to arrange a sewer system when building a private house.
Namely: the necessary plastic pipes, sealant, a welding machine if you are welding a pipeline, or couplings, flanges, fittings and other connecting elements for pipes.
In this case, in all rooms of the bathhouse where used water is discharged through any plumbing or structures such as a swimming pool, etc., you lay pipes under the floor, to which you connect either the plumbing, or the pool drain, or a gutter from the floor in a steam room or washing room.
Important! All these pipes do not need to be led to a septic tank or drainage well, because you have an inlet pipe for this purpose, through which all drains will flow into the central sewer system.
Photo: Underfloor piping system
If you do not have the opportunity to connect to the central city sewer or install a pit, then you can also use a pipeline system under the floor, but only with drainage to a drainage well.
In the case of a drainage well, in principle, you can use a pit, which will be located under the floor with gaps, and the wastewater will simply be discharged not into fields, reservoirs, rivers or ravines, but directly into a drainage well with a filtration bottom made of expanded clay.
Whatever sewage system you choose inside the bathhouse: with or without a pipeline, but with a pit, in any case you will have to take care of where the wastewater from the bathhouse should be discharged.
Important! You should also study all the recommendations and advice of experts, which cover not only the standard procedures for installing an internal sewerage system in a bathhouse, but also the features and specific points that apply exclusively to the arrangement of sewers in bathhouses.
- in the process of connecting plumbing or drain points to the pipes in the bathhouse, you need to install a water seal at each such point so that unpleasant odors do not penetrate into the premises. For plumbing, water seals are created using siphons, for a pit using a special plate, for a pipeline going to a drainage well, it is allowed to use a pipe slope that will be equal to or greater than the diameter of the pipe itself, and for a pool a siphon will also be sufficient;
- when laying any pipeline in a bathhouse, it is necessary to take into account high temperatures, and therefore use building materials made of durable and heat-resistant plastic or any other material;
- pipe slopes must be no less than 2-3 mm and no more than 15 mm per 1 linear meter of pipe;
- if there are places where several pipes are connected, then inspection wells should be installed there to make it easier to clear the sewer from blockages;
- All valves, faucets or stopcocks must be made of non-flammable and non-melting materials. It is also advisable to use door handles, towel racks, shelves for detergents and personal care products made from materials with low thermal conductivity;
- all drain holes in the floor of the bathhouse rooms must be protected with nets that will prevent leaves from brooms, hair and other debris from entering the sewer system that could clog the pipeline;
- It is advisable to place all valves and taps as low as possible, close to the floor because the temperature there will not be so high;
- Do not lay the pipeline near heating devices, fireplaces or sauna stoves;
- the pit must be located at certain distances from various objects.
The pit must have certain parameters:
- location from the foundation of the building by 50 cm;
- pit depth is about 70 cm;
- cross section – 50 x 50 cm;
- covering with a layer of concrete – 10 cm;
- location from the drainage well is at least 2.5 m.
External sewerage
Central city sewer lines do not relate to the arrangement of sewerage for a bathhouse with your own hands, and therefore there is no need to consider them.
The only thing that is important to study is the construction of an autonomous external sewage system for a bathhouse.
If the groundwater in your area is low enough and will not interfere with construction work and operation of sewer systems or installations, then you can safely plan to build a drainage well.
To install a drain well, you need to take several steps:
- dig a pit no closer to the bathhouse than 3-4 m. Determine the size of the pit yourself, based on the container without a bottom that you have (reinforced concrete rings, plastic containers or masonry brick walls). The depth of the pit should be below freezing of the soil, if, for example, it is 70 cm, then the pit should be dug 1.5 m deeper;
- trenches for the drain pipe are also dug, which should be dug to a depth below the freezing depth of the soil in your area. For example, if the soil freezing depth is 70 cm, then trenches should be dug 50 cm lower;
Photo: trench for drain pipe
- the bottom of a pit lined with bricks or a container without a bottom must be lined with a layer of crushed stone or any other filter material. The layer must be no less than 20 cm high and no more than 50 cm high;
- all pipes that are laid in trenches must be laid on a bed of sand, 10-15 cm high, and then sprinkled with a crushed stone or sand layer, which together with the laid pipe gives 40 cm in width and 40 cm in height;
Photo: pipes are laid on a sand bed
- if you are installing some kind of container without a bottom, then its outer walls should also be sprinkled with a dry mixture of sand and cement, lightly tamping;
- a ventilation pipe must be attached to the well, which must be on the surface of the earth at a height of no less than 60 cm;
- Before filling the soil, the drainage or drainage well must be covered with a lid or ceiling with a sewer hatch. The cover or sewer hatches are not covered with earth because this is a technical part of the drainage well, which must be opened regularly to provide free access to clear the well from accumulated sediment.
External sewerage for a bathhouse also includes the installation of a septic tank on the site, to which sewer pipes coming from the bathhouse are connected. A septic tank is necessary if the bathhouse has bathrooms.
After all, wastewater containing feces is already considered dirtier than just soapy water from washing or taking a shower.
The principle of operation of a septic tank is such that it effectively cleans wastewater with various inclusions, and therefore, if there is a toilet in the bathhouse, it is most advisable to install a septic tank.
It can be factory-made, already manufactured as a ready-made system, which includes a sufficient number of chambers and all kinds of devices for wastewater treatment. You can also install a septic tank on the sanitary area yourself.
Photo: septic tank for a bathhouse
For this, you can use any containers - from reinforced concrete structures to plastic containers or used car tires.
If the structure is light in weight, then it should be “anchored,” that is, attached with special cables to a concrete platform at the bottom of the pit. But if the structure is heavy enough, then this is not necessary.
For lightweight structures, the outer walls of sewer tanks or septic tank systems are sprinkled with the obligatory filling of water in the container.
The filled water should exceed the sprinkling level by 1/3. If desired and if there is such an opportunity, an additional filtration well can be installed to the septic tank, which will serve as wastewater tertiary treatment.
Important! This is especially interesting for those who plan to use purified water for irrigation of gardens or fields, or for technical needs.
Video: laying pipes and sewers
Ventilation in the bath
In order to properly arrange the ventilation system in the bathhouse, in order to avoid tragic incidents, you should familiarize yourself with the circulation diagram of hot steam and temperature in the bathhouse.
For those who have not thought about temperature fluctuations in a bathhouse during a steam room, or have forgotten from school physics lessons, let us remind you that the highest temperatures are at the top, and the lowest are at the bottom.
Thus, the ventilation hole with an exit pipe should be made at the top of the steam room. And in order for fresh air to enter the room, it is necessary to make a hole at the bottom, almost near the floor.
Those openings that are located under the ceiling are called exhaust (pulling excess steam out), and those near the floor are called supply (inflow of fresh air).
Photo: exhaust holes
With proper ventilation, you will not only save yourself from exposure to hot steam, but also protect yourself from carbon monoxide.
The exhaust openings can be equipped with special automatic hatches, which will operate when the air temperature in the steam room reaches a certain point.
In the simplest system, the ventilation holes in the bathhouse are closed with wooden plugs to heat the air in the steam room, and then the holes are opened when it is necessary to provide the premises with clean and hot air in the bathhouse.
How to choose sewer equipment
Sewage equipment for a bathhouse includes the following components:
- pipes;
- plumbing;
- connecting elements and materials;
- container for a drainage or storage well;
- septic tanks.
Pipes should be used that are made of heat-resistant materials. These can be either metal or plastic pipe products.
The most commonly used plastic pipes today are made from polymeric materials: polypropylene (PP) or low-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Such pipes can withstand temperatures up to +95% if they are high-quality materials. With low quality, plastic pipes can withstand only +75% degrees.
If you are making internal sewerage for a bathhouse from a pipeline, then take high-quality PP or HDPE pipes.
Important! And if you just need a pipe to carry hot wastewater outside the bathhouse, then you can use plastic pipes that can withstand temperatures up to 50-75% degrees - this is enough to drain the slightly cooled wastewater from the bathhouse outside.
Bathroom plumbing should also only be selected that can withstand hot air.
It is clear that in the steam room there is no plumbing as such, but one should not forget that if the steam room is combined with a washing room and is separated from it only by a small partition, then care should be taken to purchase a rotary shower that is mounted into the wall.
A rotary shower is installed in the wall, covered with a panel and only supplies jets of water, and therefore using such a shower in a bathhouse is very convenient and even safe because the risks of getting burned on the metal surface of the shower are minimized.
Photo: rotary shower
For rooms in the bathhouse that are isolated from the steam room, you can use regular plumbing fixtures. So for the washing room, which is separated from the steam room, where there is no hot air, you can install a very convenient column shower, which is ideal for the conditions in the bathhouse.
Such a shower is perfectly connected to internal sewerage pipes of a smaller diameter, then the pipes are connected through an adapter to such an important section of the sewerage system in the bathhouse as, thanks to which wastewater from the shower (as well as from other plumbing fixtures and equipment) is transported and supplied to sewerage treatment plants structures.
Photo: column showerConnecting elements and materials are all kinds of adapters, fittings, turn signals, plumbing silicone and other materials with which plumbing fixtures are connected to the sewer pipeline in the bathhouse.
Important! Sealant or plumbing silicone must be present, because they provide enhanced sealing of connections between plumbing fixtures and pipes or pipes between themselves.
The entire system must be sealed and not leak, otherwise you will constantly have all sorts of discomforts in the bathhouse.
Sewer sanitary equipment for a bathhouse should also include septic tanks, which are used, as a rule, for autonomous (individual) sewer systems.
The principle of operation of the septic tank is such that, receiving wastewater in the first chamber, it purifies it using biological mass (anaerobic or aerobic bacteria, depending on the septic tank model) in activated sludge, where the wastewater is processed and converted into sludge and water.
The water in the first chamber thus settles, accumulates, reaches a certain point and enters the second chamber, where the next stage of wastewater purification occurs.
Depending on the model of the septic structure and the devices it contains, the second stage of wastewater purification can occur under the influence of aerators that supply air flows into the water.
If there are no such devices, then the wastewater also settles and flows into the next chamber, either a filtration well or fields. At the last stages, the water is purified by almost 95-98%, which is considered a high degree of purification.
Thus, all the water used in the bathhouse, plus, if there is a toilet, is cleaned and can be safely taken out to the fields, used to irrigate lawns, gardens and vegetable gardens, and even used for economic and technical needs.
Features of flooring
The installation of a floor in a bathhouse has several options for laying it:
- leaking leaky floor;
- capital self-leveling floor;
- continuous sloping floor lining with gutters.
The arrangement of the sewage system in the bathhouse directly depends on the type of laying of boards on the floor or self-leveling concrete screed.
Leaky and non-leaky floors
Leaky floors include leaky floor structures that allow used water during bathing procedures to freely flow into a pit equipped under the floor.
The design of such floors is such that the boards, which are laid on wooden logs, which, in turn, stand stably on small brick racks, are laid with a small gap between each other - about 5 mm.
Photo: flowing fields
Leak-proof floors include both a self-leveling concrete floor and a wooden floor with boards tightly adjacent to each other.
The advantages of concreting floors are their strength and aesthetics in terms of decorating materials, such as tiles, for example.
All leak-proof floors are equipped with a slope towards the drain hole, where the drain pipe is located. Such floors are made first, after the walls and roof.
Photo: drain hole where the drain pipe is located
For lovers of everything natural and natural, a solid bath floor with tightly fitting boards is suitable. Here it is also important to take into account the slope towards the hole where the used water should flow.
Such floors can also be equipped with gutters along the walls, instead of a drain hole in the middle of the washroom or steam room.
Photo: solid bath floor with tight-fitting boards
If the floor is leak-proof, then a protective grill must be installed for the drain hole, which does not allow the sewer system to become clogged with leaves of bath brooms or skeins of hair.
How to arrange a manhole for communications
Inspection wells in sections of sewer systems for bathhouses are installed in cases where the length of the external sewer system is more than 10 meters.
Also, reasons for equipping sewerage with inspection wells include pipeline branching. It is in the areas where pipes are connected, where they turn and where there are differences that it is necessary to install inspection wells.
Important! Wells of this type are needed to regularly check pipes for blockages and, if necessary, to carry out timely cleaning of sewer pipes.
There are accepted standards and distances that are permissible between inspection wells on an extensive sewer route. These norms of permissible distances depend on the diameter of the pipes that are used for laying external sewers.
For a bathhouse, as a rule, sewer pipes with a diameter of no more than 155 mm are used, and therefore the permissible installation distances for inspection wells should be at least 35 m.
Such wells can be either concrete rings through which sewer pipes pass, or plastic wells-turners or adapters, which are built into the pipes as their addition.
Concrete structures perfectly protect the most vulnerable sections of the pipeline, and also provide full access for the repairman to go down into the well and check the sewer pipes for blockages.
Important! Such wells must be equipped with a ceiling and a cover or manhole. This must be done to prevent precipitation or debris from entering the well.
Photo: installation of a manhole
When installing a reinforced concrete inspection well, it is necessary to use a grinder to make holes where the pipes will pass through the reinforced concrete ring. Then lower the ring into the trench widened for the well.
Therefore, pass the pipes through the well so that the pipe connections are inside the ring. Tightly seal the joints of the pipes and the surfaces of the walls of the concrete ring, and then sprinkle the outer walls of the reinforced concrete well with a dry mixture of sand and cement (1:1).
The linear type of inspection well is installed where the section of the external sewer pipeline is straight, and the rotary type is installed at the corners and turns of the sewer line.
There are also plastic inspection wells, which are much easier to install, and they last much longer than reinforced concrete products, which are regularly sprinkled.
Photo: plastic inspection well
It is easier to install such wells because they are lightweight and even one person can handle them during installation. In addition, most models of such wells are made with already built-in sealed pipes for connecting pipes of various diameters to the well.
And this, you see, already eliminates an impressive piece of work. Installing such a well is a pleasure. During installation, it is also necessary to sprinkle the outer walls of such a well with a dry mixture of sand and cement for a more durable installation.
For any scheme and project for equipping a bathhouse with a sewer system, it is necessary to use clearly planned methods and technologies.
Just as before, classical technologies from those times that our ancestors used when arranging Russian baths on their property are suitable. Modern technologies can also be applied no less than old ones.
Important! The most important condition when installing and laying a sewer system for a bathhouse is the correct implementation of all requirements, recommendations for drainage, drainage, ventilation, and wastewater treatment.
If all precautions and rules are followed, then your sauna sewer system will always work at the highest level.
Video: do-it-yourself sewer
How to provide sewerage in a bathhouse with your own hands - a step-by-step guide with detailed video instructions will give you a clear idea of which sewerage system to choose and how to properly equip it.
After all, a modern bathhouse on a site with a country house becomes an indispensable multi-purpose household attribute with a steam room, a washing room, a toilet, and often a laundry department.
The arrangement of drains from the bathhouse is necessary for many reasons, but, above all, to ensure comfortable use and safety of living. To do this, drain water must be purified to the maximum extent possible from various types of contaminants.
This article provides a clear step-by-step guide on how to organize this system with your own hands correctly, and how to do it at the lowest cost.
Choosing the type of sewer system - a step-by-step guide
Before you begin installing a sewer system in a bathhouse, you need to decide on the composition of the plumbing equipment. Regarding the internal sewage system, it must ensure the following functions. Let's look at them.
In the steam room, the only plumbing device in this compartment is a drain ladder, through which used water from the floor is collected to the drain point, and, through a siphon, enters the waste pipeline. The drain itself should be covered with a thick mesh to trap debris - for example, from bath brooms.
The ladder must be equipped with a siphon to create a water seal.
An indispensable attribute of the bathhouse is a shower room. This room has no special features; you just need to install the same drain as for the steam room.
Tea drinking is traditional in the bathhouse. Before a feast, it is quite natural to wash your hands, for which a washbasin is installed in the rest room. It must be connected to the internal sewer system via a siphon.
A modern bathhouse today is conducive to long stays over tea and leisurely conversation, or watching television programs. In such conditions, a toilet is simply necessary - the contrast when using an outdoor device is too great. Installing and connecting a sewer system in a bathhouse with a toilet is no different from that when installing an internal network diagram in a residential building.
A typical solution for a bathhouse is to equip a laundry room in it.
Thus, it turns out that there are all types of wastewater in the bathhouse that require sewerage. Consequently, the approach to choosing the type of drainage system is completely standard.
Let's take a closer look at what types of drain systems there are, and which are the most common.
Gravity sewers
In drainage devices through which liquid moves spontaneously under the influence of gravity, a prerequisite is the placement of pipes on a slope in each section. The value of this indicator is 2-3 degrees, and it is optimal for ensuring drainage.
If the angle is smaller, some of the contaminants will remain in the pipe, creating conditions for the formation of a blockage. If the slope is 3 degrees or more, the water will drain quickly, not having time to remove the solid fractions.
An indispensable condition for good operation of the drainage system is a drain riser, the purpose of which is ventilation.
To construct the outer part of the sewerage system, pipes with a diameter of 100 millimeters are used, preferably made of plastic. Their advantage is that they are elastic and practically do not suffer from seasonal soil movements. The depth of installation of external sewerage pipes must be no less than the freezing level of the soil. And taking into account the creation of a drainage layer - 30-40 centimeters deeper.
In most cases, given the natural conditions of our country, it becomes necessary to dig fairly deep trenches. To avoid this, a heating cable is installed on the sewer pipes, which turns on automatically when the temperature drops critically.
In this case, a laying depth of 0.5 meters is sufficient; the pipelines are insulated with insulation made of porous materials. For the installation of sewerage in the bathhouse, plastic socket pipes made of PVC with sealing rubber cuffs are used.
The external sewage system from the bathhouse, as a rule, has a considerable length, since this facility is located at the end of the site. The final point of waste disposal is either a septic tank with a filter well, or the place where the drain is connected to the centralized sewerage network.
It should be noted that the filter well cannot be installed everywhere. On clay soils, filtration of wastewater does not occur, and sewage water will accumulate under the well.
An obstacle to using a filter well is also the high groundwater level. If, at their maximum rise, the water in the well or borehole rises to a level of 2.5 meters, the device cannot be installed due to contamination by groundwater runoff. In such cases, filter fields with infiltrates are installed, or a storage septic tank is subject to regular pumping and removal of the contents.
For small summer cottages with limited visits, in some cases it is enough to make a sewer from a barrel in a bathhouse.
Pressure sewer
Such designs for removing waste water are used in cases where it is impossible to place sewer pipes for a bathhouse in the same horizontal plane. The reason for this may be the landscape features of the site or the design of the bathhouse itself.
For creating . They can be submersible, semi-submersible or surface.
In some cases, for sewerage in a bathhouse, you can use low-power pumping stations, which are convenient to install directly next to plumbing fixtures.
A distinctive feature of fecal stations and pumps is the presence of a grinder for crushing solid inclusions of various types, except solid ones.
Mortise sewerage for a bath
Depending on the configuration of the fecal wastewater pipelines, in some cases it becomes necessary to connect the outlet pipe to the existing system. This is possible when installing an external sewer network or for connecting to a central city pipeline.
In the second case, you will need to obtain a special permit from the Gorvodokanal, and the connection operation will be carried out by a specialist from this organization. Independent connection is made by the user of the external sewerage system on the site using special clamps.
Which sewage system is better for a bathhouse is not even the developer’s choice. The type and design depend on the nature of the landscape and architectural features of the bathhouse building.
Due to the simplicity and cost of the device, it is best to use a simple gravity system, which requires minimal attention during operation.
Sewer Design Guide
The basis for this event is the design of a building - a bathhouse, indicating the location of plumbing fixtures. A competent designer will arrange them all sequentially along one axis in advance to simplify installation and minimize financial costs. The sequence of actions may be as follows:
- Create a graphic display of the sewer system for a bathhouse, indicating the dimensions of each element of the internal wiring design.
- Provide a connection on each plumbing fixture via a siphon for.
- Before connecting to the riser, an inspection is installed.
As the system moves away from the starting points, the pipe sizes can only be changed upward:
- a drain from the sink can be made from a 40 mm pipe;
- It is better to install a drain pipe with a diameter of 50 mm from the shower room through the drain;
- The external sewerage drainage line is selected at a size of 100 millimeters. Just like the connecting sections between individual sections of a multi-stage septic tank.
- At the point where the outlet pipes are connected to the riser, it is necessary to install an air valve to prevent the water seal in the siphons from breaking. Installing a drain pipe is in most cases unacceptable.
- External sewerage pipes for a bathhouse require insulation using a heating cable. In this case, warm air will flow inside the system, protecting it from freezing, which can cause rupture of the earthenware plumbing. Therefore, it is undesirable for a bathhouse to install a fan pipe through which it will exit into the outside space.
Otherwise, the design of the sauna sewer system does not differ from typical devices for similar purposes.
Installation of internal sewerage system
The pipework of the drainage system is installed after the completion of the main construction work before finishing.
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In the process of designing a bathhouse building, in accordance with the project, openings for all types of communications are already provided, which reduces the cost of installation work.
Installation of internal sewerage during construction
The order in which work on laying the drainage system is carried out during construction work provides many advantages. The intersections with walls are greatly simplified, since they are made during the construction of piers.
In addition to significantly reducing labor costs, this assembly technology significantly improves the quality of work, allows you to correctly perform slopes and reliably fix them with cement mortar.
The mounted system can be securely covered with masonry or removable panels. The installation of the sewer system is carried out from the bottom up, which requires high-quality design and precise execution.
Laying internal sewerage in a finished building - step-by-step guide
This procedure for laying communications is used in an already constructed building during a major renovation. At the same time, at the stage of its design, already existing conditions dictated by the design of the building are taken into account. Therefore, communications do not always fit perfectly into the design.
IMPORTANT! The sewer pipeline usually starts from the water intake points at which plumbing fixtures are installed. Before starting work, the network is marked and windows are cut in the wall for laying pipes.
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The drain in the shower compartment is buried directly into the floor and a sealed screed is installed above it with slopes towards the direction of liquid movement.
The liquid exits through a drain equipped with a siphon. Siphons are also installed on the sink and sink to prevent odors from the sewer system from entering the living space. Sewage pipes on the market are dimensionally stable as supplied and must therefore be cut to the required lengths before installation.
For cutting plastic pipes, special tools have been developed and produced that ensure a strictly perpendicular end of the cut and do not form burrs on the edges. A pipe made of such material can be cut with a hacksaw, but this creates burrs, which during installation can damage the surface of the rubber sealing collar, creating conditions for leaks in the future. Therefore, the cutting edge must be cleaned with sandpaper.
When using cast iron pipes for sewerage, as a rule, they are not cut, but try to be used in one piece. Firstly, cutting such a pipe is quite difficult, and secondly, the quality of the cut does not ensure the tightness of the connection.
Pipe connections during the installation process are made in various ways:
- The socket connection is the simplest and most common method. The narrow end is inserted into the socket, where there is already a rubber sealing ring. To increase the tightness, the joint is treated with a silicone sealant.
- For plastic products, adhesive connections or welding can be used.
- Connection with fittings is made not only when joining, but also when making branches of a complex system. Couplings, squares, crosses and other products are used. When using them, you need to use connections with an inclination angle of 135 or 120 degrees with a slope towards the fluid flow.
The outlet pipe is led into a riser located in the corner of the building. It is made from a pipe with a diameter of 100-110 millimeters, and, through a corner, is brought out into the outer space. Please note that the depth of the exhaust pipe must be below the freezing level of the soil.
To lead the pipe through the foundation, it is necessary to make a hole in it the size of the pipe with a plus of about 60-70 millimeters. After laying the pipe, the hole is insulated with available rolled materials.
Before installation, the pipeline is insulated with a heating cable. The regulation system puts it into operation at a certain temperature close to the freezing point. A heat-insulating jacket made of synthetic porous materials is installed on top of it.
In accordance with current rules, the distance from the building to the septic tank must be at least 10 meters. But there is a specific rule for a bathhouse - the distance from the bathhouse to the nearest water intake must be at least 20 meters.
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Do-it-yourself water seal installation
Among the numerous fittings for sewer pipes is a device called a water seal. It is a curved U-shaped pipe, inside which a water plug is created. It prevents the penetration of unpleasant odors from the drainage system into the living space.
In fact, there is a water seal on every siphon, but in this matter it is better to be safe. This device in the bathhouse needs additional attention. Since this establishment is used, as a rule, not every day, but once a week, the water in the water seal can dry out.
As a result, bad odors penetrate into the room. Therefore, there is a need to add water to the water seal at least a couple of times a week.
Installation of external sewerage - choosing a place for a septic tank
Bath drains are made in the same way as for a residential building. If possible, it can be connected to the existing network, and if a local wastewater treatment system is installed on the site, then to it.
First of all, the nature of the soil under the septic tank matters - clay, sand or crushed stone. If the soil consists predominantly of clay, which has low water permeability, then filtration will not occur.
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A filter well as part of such a septic tank will only pollute the surrounding space, and it will have to be used as a simple cesspool.
If the aquifer reaches a depth of 2.5 meters during the period of maximum level rise, a septic tank cannot be installed in such a place; the thickness of the filter layer will not be enough.
Construction of a local treatment plant
The main components of such a device are the following components:
In the process of bacterial treatment, the volume of the contents of the septic tank noticeably decreases, and the emission of odor is significantly reduced.
- In the next section of the septic tank, which is most often a filter well, additional wastewater treatment is carried out by filtration as it passes through the ground. The filter layer consists of blast furnace slag, gravel and broken brick, which is an excellent adsorbent.
- Another method of wastewater treatment is aeration. It is produced by purging the contents of the septic tank with air, during which the oxidation of previously undecomposed particles of contaminants occurs.
- As a result, the water is further purified and becomes suitable for use for technical purposes - watering the garden or washing a car. At the same time, the yield of garden crops increases noticeably.
- Filter fields are used in places where the underlying soil base is clay. In this case, pre-purified water enters the drainage pipe system and is distributed dropwise over a large area.
Preparing the trench and laying pipes
How to install external sewer pipes with your own hands?
- They are placed in specially opened ditches. The depth of the trenches always depended on the depth of freezing of the ground.
- But today's laying technologies can significantly reduce the amount of excavation work by installing heating on pipes and insulating them, as mentioned above.
- The quality of the lining for the pipes at the bottom of the trench is of great importance. Since it is located in the freezing zone, it is important to prevent the presence of water in the pipe support substrate. For this purpose, a drainage layer of gravel and sand is arranged.
- Gravel is poured in a layer of about 30 centimeters and thoroughly compacted. Then you need to pour a layer of river sand 15-20 centimeters thick and spill it with water for better compaction.
- A construction cord is attached to the wall of the trench and stretched along it with a slope of 2-3 millimeters per meter of length.
- Then the pipeline itself is lowered into the trench and installed along the cord with slope control.
- After this, the pipe is carefully sprinkled with sand, which is carefully compacted. And only after this is the final backfilling of the trench with previously removed soil and soil.
Which pipes to choose for sewerage
As of today, this issue has been resolved radically in favor of polyethylene products. This material is corrosion resistant, lightweight and easy to assemble.
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An alternative can only be identified if there are unused materials of other types from previous construction.
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